|
Bunaken
National Park
|
|
|
Nama:Citra Novia Rini
NPM : 12 23
864
CLASS : A.4.3
The Bunaken National Marine
Park was formally established in 1991 and is among the first of Indonesia's
growing system of marine parks. The park covers a total surface area of
89,065 hectares, 97% of which is overlain by sparkling clear, warm tropical
water. The remaining 3% of the park is terrestrial, including the five
islands of Bunaken, Manado Tua, Mantehage, Nain and Siladen. Although each of
these islands has a special character, it is the aquatic ecosystem that attracts
most naturalists
The waters of Bunaken National Marine Park are extremely deep (1566 m in Manado Bay), clear (up to 35-40 m visibility), refreshing in temperature (27-29 C) and harbor some of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world. Pick any of group of interest - corals, fish, echinoderms or sponges - and the number of families, genera or species is bound to be astonishingly high. For example, 7 of the 8 species of giant clams that occur in the world, occur in Bunaken. The park has around 70 genera of corals; compare this to a mere 10 in Hawaii. Although the exact number of fish species is unknown, it may be slightly higher than in the Philippines, where 2,500 species, or nearly 70% of all fish species known to the Indo-western Pacific, are found Oceanic currents may explain, in part, why Bunaken National Marine Park is such a treasure trove of biodiversity. Northeasternly currents generally sweep through the park but abundant counter currents and gyros related to lunar cycles are believed to be a trap for free swimming larvae. This is particularly true on the south side of the crescent-shaped Bunaken Island, lying in the heart of the park. A snorkler or diver in the vicinity of Lekuan or Fukui may spot over 33 species of butterfly fish and numerous types of groupers, damsels, wrasses and gobies. The gobies, smallish fish with bulging eyes and modified fins that allow them to attach to hard surfaces, are the most diverse but least known group of fish in the park Biologists believe that the abundance of hard corals is crucial in maintaining the high levels of diversity in the park. Hard corals are the architects of the reefs, without them, numerous marine organisms would be homeless and hungry. Many species of fish are closely associated with particular types of corals (folious, branching, massives, etc.) for shelter and egg-laying. Others, like the enormous Bumphead Parrotfish, Balbometopon muricatum, are "coralivores" and depend on hard corals for their sustenance. Bony mouth parts fused into an impressive "beak" allow these gregarious fish to crunch corals like roasted peanuts Some 20,000 people live on the natural resources of Bunaken National Marine Park. Although there are inevitable conflicts between resource protection and use by people, the Indonesian government is taking a fairly unusual and pragmatic approach to park management. The idea is to promote wise resource use while preventing overexploitation. Local communities, government officials, dive resort operators, local nature groups, tourists and scientists have played an active role in developing exclusive zones for diving, wood collection, fishing and other forms of utilization. Bunaken Marine Park has become an important example of how Sulawesi, and the rest of Indonesia, can work to protect its natural resources. |
Nama:Citra Novia Rini
NPM : 12 23
864
CLASS : A.4.3
HIMACHAL FOREIGN TOURISM
The Beautiful estate of Himachal Pradesh is
nuzzle between the snowfall lead Himalayan varies in North India. Known for its
amazing and spectacular scenery, this traveler’s heaven is glorified with lofty
snowfall mountains, deep gorges, green valleys, thundering waterways, wonderful
hill lakes, flower carpeted meadows, ancient temples, and amazing monasteries
rich in time. Marked with numerous hill stations, Himachal Pradesh shows to be
a wonderful location for the visitors who want to relax and simply feel
recharged. The condition also offers amazing opportunities for hiking,
backpacking, para sliding, snowboarding, golf , tubing and ice boarding.
Tourism in Himachal Pradesh
Leisure and Tourism in Himachal Pradesh is
one of the significant sectors, which has been given high concern by the govt.
of Himachal Pradesh in the the past few years. Well known for its spectacular
natural charm, Himachal Pradesh tourism draws an incredible number of foreign
tourists who love to spend their holidays in relaxed atmosphere and peaceful
sylvan environment. To entice more and more foreign tourists, Himachal Pradesh
Travel and leisure Division is concentrating on the growth of facilities,
efficiency and maintenance of traditional typical monuments, and recognition of
new holiday locations etc. Special highlight is being set on the growth of
activities-based on tourism in order to increase the length of the stay of the
visitors/tourists. Besides experience tourism and Pilgrimage tourism, Himachal
Pradesh tourism is concentrating on other areas, such as record, relevant tourism,
town tourism, Social tourism and wild animals tourism..
Himachal Pradesh tourism and leisure has
started out up numerous small tourism and leisure details facilities all across
the estate, which assists foreign visitors with Himachal journey, resort booking,
shopping, transport and offer other important journey trips. These details
facilities also offer free Himachal Pradesh tourism guides, catalogues,
Himachal Pradesh charts, and journey brochures. The formal website of Himachal
journey and leisure provides reliable details about the condition and offer
instant online resort booking in its various resort properties set in fantastic
locations in the lap of nature. Cheap holiday offers and interesting Himalayan
hikes are offered by Himachal Pradesh journey and leisure, which are inclusive
of accommodation, catering, transport and other journey and leisure services
for foreign tourist. The Himachal Pradesh Tourism also sets up activities like
snowboarding, paragliding, tubing, hiking, ice-skating and golf besides camping
and tenting facilities in far-flung tribe areas.
Best time to visit Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh is known for its
salubrious climate. The ideal time to visit Himachal Pradesh is between the
months of April to June when weather is mild and sunny and is perfect for
mountaineering or enjoying an idyllic nature walk.
Best a chance to check out Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh is known for its
salubrious environment. The best a chance to check out Himachal Pradesh is
between the months of April to July when climate is light and warm and is
perfect for mountaineering or enjoying an pleasant nature stroll.
Tourist Attractions Himachal Pradesh
Chamba valley, Spiti valley, Kinnaur,
Shimla, Manali, Kullu valley, Lahaul, Kangra valley, Mcleodganj, Dalhousie, and
Dharamshala Himachal Pradesh travel destination which are dotted with numerous
churches, monasteries, temples, forts and other significant monuments.
How to reach Himachal Pradesh
Travel to Himachal Pradesh by Air: Himachal
Pradesh has three airports at Gaggal, Bhuntar and Jubbarhatti, which connect
the state to Delhi and Chandigarh via regular flights by Indian Airlines,
Kingfisher Red, MDLR Airlines, and Jagson Airlines.
Journey to Himachal Pradesh by Rail: Kalka
is the most essential train place in Himachal Pradesh. A narrow-gauge train
track connects Kalka with the capital city, Shimla. The lengthiest railway line
range is from Pathankot in Punjab to Jogindernagar in Himachal Pradesh. There
are a few other train paths also moving through essential locations in the
estate.
Travel to Himachal Pradesh by Road:
Himachal Pradesh has a very excellent street network, which link all well-known
locations of the estate to the significant places of Northern India. During
monsoons, a few streets are shut in worry of landslides. Himachal Pradesh
functions luxurious vehicles and high-class trainers from all primary places of
Northern India.
Travel in Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh features of a excellent system of local
transportation. Most tourist areas in the estate like Shimla, Manali,
Mcleodganj, Dharamshala, and Dalhousie are well linked by streets. Himachal
Road Transport Organization operates a program of vehicles across the estate.
Personal vehicles and Cabs are also available at all well-known vacationer
areas in Himachal Pradesh.
No comments:
Post a Comment