Nama: Asmawati
Npm: 1223073
Class: A.4.3
Lake toba
The world famous crater lake of Danau (Lake) Toba is the third biggest
tourist destination of Indonesia. The island in the huge lake, Pulau Samosir,
attracts many tourists. Lake Toba is the largest lake in Southeast Asia, once
created by an enormous eruption less than 100.000 years ago. The eruption was
approximately 8.000 times more powerful than the eruption of Mount St. Helen in
1981. Ashes in the stratosphere circled around the earth for years and changed
the climate. As things began to settle another volcanic eruption happened about
25.000 years later and built up a secondary volcano inside the caldera. The
cone of that volcano collapsed and formed the island Samosir while the crater
of the first eruption filled with water, what to become Danau Toba.
The lake covers approximately 1.265 square km excluding Samosir and is 90
km long. The depth is in on average 450m and up to 900m in some places. The
lake is situated at an altitude of 906 m above sea level. The steep coastline
interspersed with small valleys creates fantastic scenery and isolated areas.
The deepest end and the highest mountains are at its northeastern end. The
Dutchman H.N. van der Tuuk was the first European who saw and reported about
the lake, in 1847. There are of course legends on how Lake Toba was formed. The
following is a Batak Toba legend Once upon a time there was a man living in the
area of the present day Danau Toba. No one knew when or from where he came. He
lived in a simple hut in a farming area. He had a garden and did some fishing.
One day he caught a big fish in his trap. It was the biggest catch ever in his
life. Back home the fish turned into a beautiful princess decorated with
jewels. He fell in love with her and proposed to her. She nodded romantically,
however, the princess had one condition. The man had to promise never to tell
anyone that she had been a fish. If he would, there would be a disaster. They
married and got a daughter and lived happily. The daughter always brought lunch
to her father out in the fields. The girl was however very greedy and one day
she ate all her father's lunch. Her father got angry and scolded: "You
damned daughter of a fish!" The princess started to cry when she heard
what her husband had said. She told her daughter to go to the hills, as there
would be a disaster. When the daughter had left for safety the princess prayed.
Soon there was an earthquake, rain started to fall and springs appeared
everywhere. The whole area got flooded and became Lake Toba. The princess
turned into a fish again and the father became the island of Samosir. According
to a Simalungun legend, told in Pematang Raya, there was once a mountain called
Gunung Tuhaweoba in the area where Lake Toba is now. (Tuhaweoba is also the
name of a kind of pepper). A long time ago the mountain exploded, Lake Toba was
formed and the people were divided. Those on the western side of the lake
became the Batak Toba and on the eastern side Batak Simalungun. The word
Tuhaweoba changed over time to Tuba and later to Toba. The traditional Batak
canoe, the solu, was 10-15m long. All had the same width. The canoes of the
chiefs were decorated with carvings. The captain, the Chief, sat in front and
gave orders. The solu had its own spirit and when a new canoe was built
offerings were made for both the canoe spirit and to Boru Saniang Naga, the
Goddess of the water. Bataks feared her as disasters could easily happen when
she was angry. Three years ago Lake Toba reached its lowest water level ever,
which caused problems, for example for tourism. The level had then fallen
several meters and the lake was a rather depressing sight for people who had
seen it before. The reasons for the falling water level were deforestation and
over consumption of water by a pulp factory and a hydroelectric power plant
near Porsea. The companies consumed more water than the capacity of Lake Toba
allowed. After strong and sometimes violent protests from the local
communities, the pulp factory, Indorayon, was closed down. The protests were
based on many different interests and concerns, amongst others of course
environmental concern. The water level is however, also controlled by the big
dams of PT Inalum. Since the closure of Indorayon, the water level in Lake Toba
has reached its normal level and the lake has regained its original beauty.
Lake Toba ( Indonesian: Danau Toba) is a lake and supervolcano. The lake is
100 kilometres long, 30 kilometres wide, and up to 505 meters (1,666 ft) deep.
Located in the middle of the northern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra
with a surface elevation of about 900 metres (2,953 ft), the lake stretches
from 2.88°N 98.52°E to 2.35°N 99.1°E. It is the largest lake in Indonesia and
the largest volcanic lake in the world. Lake Toba is the site of a massive
supervolcanic eruption estimated at VEI 8 that occurred 69,000 to 77,000 years
ago, representing a climate-changing event. It is the largest known explosive
eruption on Earth in the last 25 million years. According to the Toba
catastrophe theory, it had global consequences for human populations: it killed
most humans living at that time and is believed to have created a population
bottleneck in central east Africa and India, which affects the genetic make up
of the human world-wide population to the present. This hypothesis is not
widely accepted because evidence is lacking for a decline or extinction of
other animals, including species that are sensitive to changes in the
environment. It has been accepted that the eruption of Toba led to a volcanic
winter with a worldwide decrease in temperature between 3 to 5 °C (5.4 to 9.0
°F), and up to 15 °C (27 °F) in higher latitudes. Additional studies in Lake
Malawi in East Africa show significant amounts of ash being deposited from the
Toba eruptions, even at that great distance, but little indication of a significant
climatic effect in East Africa.
Garden of Five Senses
The Garden of Five Senses is not just a park, it is a space with a variety
of activities, inviting public interaction and exploration.
Location Said-ul-Ajaib, Mehrauli-Badarpur road The project, developed by
Delhi Tourism Transportation Development Corporation, was conceptualized to
answer to the city's need for leisure space for the public, for people to
socialize and unwind. Such spaces add atmosphere and life to a city and cater to
all sections of the society.
The twenty-acre site, located at Said-Ul-Azaib village, close to the
Mehrauli heritage area in New Delhi, is spectacular. The Garden was inaugurated
in February 2003. Majestic rocks stand silhouetted against the sky, others lie
strewn upon the ground in a casual yet alluring display of nature's sculptural
genius. It was the ideal ground on which to realize the concept of a public
leisure space that would awaken a sensory response and thereby a sensitivity to
the environment. Soaring stainless-steel birds mounted on slate-clad pillars
welcome you into the park. An expansive plaza, set on the natural slope of the
site, invites you up the spiral walkway. Across, a troop of elephants, cut in
The garden itself is divided into distinct areas. On one side of the spiral
walkway is the Khas Bagh, a formal garden patterned on the lines of the Mughal
Garden. Slow-moving water cascades in channels along its length, while
flowering and fragrant shrubs and trees line its paths. The Central axis leads
to a series of fountains, some of which are lit up by fibreoptic lighting
systems. Encapsulating the expression here is the sculpture of 'A Fountain
Tree".
Secluded, away from
the heart of the garden, on the other side of the walkway is the food and
shopping court. A series of terraces provided with seating arrangements face
the food court.
The heady Trail of Fragrance leads away to a rocky ridge to the north,
where elevated amongst the rocks, a sculpture in stainless-steel, inspired by a
pin-wheel, dances in joyous abandon.
Wander down the
meandering paths to Neel Bagh, a pool of water lilies encircled by pergols
covered with climbing plants of different colours and textures.
Overhead, hundreds of
ceraminc chime, whispering secrets to the breeze, teasing you with their gentle
laughter. Nature wal , There are Colour Gardens - beautiful compositions of
flowering shrubs and ground covers that have you looking at familiar plants
with new eyes. The Courts of Specimen Plants display not so frequently seen
species - of bamboo, for instance, or cactii, or herbs.
Nestled amongst the natural slope of the site is the amphitheatre with
blocks of sandstone to serve as seating. At the rear of the garden is an open
exhibition area for displaying art and for holding art workshops.
Almost two hundred
varieties of plants are introduced. In addition, there are large areas where
the existing vegetation, consisting mainly of trees such as the local Kikar and
the thorny Ber bush, has been lef t
untouched.
The Garden has been designed to the imagery suggested by the name Garden of
Five Senses. Colour, fragrances, texture and form all come together in an
evocative bouquet that awakens the mind to the beauty of life and invokes a
grateful prayer for the gift of sight, sound, touch, smell and taste. The
Garden is designed to stimulate one's sensory responses to the environment. An
amalgamation of color and fragrance, texture and form evokes the awareness of
touch, smell, sight, sound and taste. Most of the works of art are dynamic,
making it more interactive to the visitors. About 25 different sculptures and
murals have been set up in the Garden making it one of the largest collection
of public art in the country. This Garden is located near the first city of
Delhi i.e. Qila Rai Pithora and while following the approach road to the Garden
from T point of MB Road one can see the massive walls of this fort. The Garden
of Five senses depict the architecture of the first city including the stones
used in the constructions of boundary walls and dome shaped office complex.
The walk begins with a
description of trees which are planted in the outer area of the garden i.e.
from the steps which you take, for moving in the garden complex. The details of
the trees which fall in this area have been described below with their common
name, botanical name and description for the benefit of the common man who can
take a walk
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